We Wear the Mask By Paul Laurence Dunbar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

We Wear the Mask By Paul Laurence Dunbar - Essay ExampleThis paper will present an analysis of the poem bring out its meaning and some of the devices used by Dunbar to enhance the theme he developed throughout the poem.From the title of the poem, We Wear the Mask, Dunbar introduces the theme that he wishes to discuss in his poem. In the first stanza, he highlights that the mask they bankrupt serves to help them smile, and deceive the world that they are happy. The same mask serves to keep away their cheeks and eyes from the worlds circumferent analysis. However, beneath the mask, they are suffering intense pain and grief because of the human guile mentioned in line 3 of the first stanza. Evidently, Dunbar speaks in reference of African Americans suffering from the exploitation of slavery and other evils perpetrated by slave masters hurting the slaves. Despite their suffering, they mask their dependable feelings and pretend that they are content with the built in bed just as it i s (Dunbar).The second stanza begins with an ironing tone because Dunbar asks why the world should make efforts of being over-wise. This is a pure irony because Dunbar makes it look like considering the grievances of African Americans is going overboard in the realm of wisdom. In his opinion, the world should only remain wise enough to be able to see their smiling faces because they wear the mask. This means that the world will never recognize the deep suffering experienced by the African Americans and will always consider them satisfied with their incline as slaves. This also brings in the aspect of racism and the negative effects suffered by the minority groups specifically the African Americans. Although they are discriminated against, they are not allowed to express out their suffering or even their ideas. In the last stanza, Dunbar highlights that African Americans seek intervention from Jesus Christ, who is the only one who can perceive their true suffering. On the other hand , the world never recognizes their cries

Market Value and Change in Accounting Policy Essay

Market Value and Change in Accounting Policy - Essay ExampleAny organization in the market has to see to it that it chooses the correct accounting policy to attract more investors. The investors usually have an interest in studying the financial situation of the fraternity to allow them to diagnose an effective marketing decision. Insightfully, this means that the choice the company makes will affect the reflection and recording of financial statement to the investors. Consequently, the earning management by a company highly depends on the accounting policy that a firm uses in showing its financial position. Discussion The switch between FC and SE, as accounting methodologies, depending on the reasoning that one capitalizes while another expense the cost. Successful Efforts refers to the methodology where the un victorious exploration cost is expensed and usually integrated as part of the income statement. However, well(p) personify involves capitalizing the unsuccessful explora tion cost meaning that this cost is not part of the income statement in this situation. The choosing of the two alternative methods relies on their effectiveness in achieving transparency related to the accounting information about crude oil and gas companys profit and cash strikes. Based on the Successful Cost method, the objective of an oil and gas company is to produce oil or gas from its reserves hence the view that only the costs related to successful efforts are capitalized. On the other hand, the cost incurred is usually expensed, because successful results rely on the diversity in productive assets. Conversely, the FC method holds that the main objective of the oil and gas companies is to explore and develop oil and gas reserves. This implies that the costs incurred in the process of exploration and development should be capitalized followed by writing them off as the operation cycle continues. However, the regulatory approval from the Financial Accounting Standards Boar d (FASB), which looks over the establishment of the governing GAAP, required the oil and gas companies to adopt the SE method. In rejecting the change from FC to SE method, the users argued that this could substantially depress reported earnings and equity figures and increase the volatility of earnings over time. This means that a change from FC to SE will reduce the capabilities of the firm to raise capital in the stock market thereby leading to vulnerability to competition. The increased volatility of earnings implicates a limitation in the ability of the firms to carry out new explorations in the industry. To support its view on the potential effect coming with adopting FASB impression draft, the journal presents statistics showing that 70 out of 109 FC firms would have their average earnings reduced by at least 5% and 86% of these companies will likewise witness at least a 5% decrease in their owners equity (Lev, 1979, p. 487). Impact of the change on cash flow The shift in t he accounting method, from FC to SE had no impact on the cash flow albeit the decrease in the market value. A no-effect theory as stated by HOLTHAUSEN, argues that there is no effect on the stock price associated with the change in accounting policy (Holthausen & Leftwich, 1998, p. 114). The accounting methods are estimable a facade for the accounting numbers, available for the investors. The author notes that the firms, adopting policy change can unravel the accounting numbers, without spending any dollar, implying that the choice of accounting methods do not affect the wealth of the company.

Finance (Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance (Analysis) - Essay ExampleHowever using discounted payback period, the company would be able to recover its initial news leak of the discombobulate in 3.47 years. The discounted payback period gives more accurate picture of the disgorge feasibility because it takes present value of the future cash inflows (Trahan, and Gitman, 1995). Considering the investment required, the project should be accepted using the payback period technique. Net Present Value The Net present value of the project is $71,467,984. The value shows the difference between the initial outflow and present value of future cash inflow (Shapiro, 1978). Therefore, the management should undertake the project as the NPV is positive and very high so the project would increase the profitableness of the company. Internal Rate of Return Internal Rate of Return of the project is calculated as 25%. This is the rate at which the net present value of all future inflows would be equal to the initial outflow of the pro ject. It means the project is dependable for the company because IRR is greater than the be of capital which is 10% and therefore the project should be accepted. ... Modified Internal Rate of Return The MIRR gives more accurate and realistic picture of the cost and profitability of the project because this technique assumes that the positive cash flows will be reinvested at cost of capital i.e. 10% in this case. The MIRR of the project is 18% which is also greater than the cost of capital. Thus, the project should be accepted. Recommendation The company should accept the project because all the project appraisal and capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate the feasibility of the project are showing positive results and therefore the project should be accepted. If company undertakes the project, it would be able to recover its initial investment in 3.47 years (inflation adjusted) which is beneficial for the company. After 3.47 years the project will give additional future cash inflows till the end of the project. NPV of the project is also favorable and is showing the well-in wee-weeed earning for the company. IRR and MIRR of the project are greater than the cost of the capital and indicating positive sign for the company to undertake the project. Profitability index of the Project is greater than 1 so also supporting the project. Thus, the project should be accepted. MODEL DESIGN REPORT The model is prepared in Excel and it has been divided into three sections which are input, calculation, and output. altogether the information has been included in the input section by the user. Using input, calculation has been done through formulas and commands. The calculated result is then produced in the form of output. INPUT The model allows the user to enter the information as input in the excel sheet. The input section has been divided into seven areas. The production factor comprises of price of product, units of

A rite of passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A rite of passage - Essay ExampleThe Tibetans invite Lamaism as their religion, which is an integration of the native Tibetan religion (Bon) and Mahayana Buddhism (Kapstein, p38).In a general perspective, the basic rite of passage for the Tibetans is the sticking of a tiny bit of Tibetans staple food (zamba) on the newborns forehead. This is perceived as the process of purification of the newborn. Additionally, when the baby is a month old, the p arnts are bound to paint the tip of its (babys) nose with soot as a sign of prevention from ghosts, whereas the relatives and parents of the baby going to the monastery to pray for protection from the Buddha. This is the general rite of passage of newborn babies, regardless of the gender.At a later age, that is, at the age of twelve, a Tibetan girlfriends blur is combed into dickens braids. The braids are later advanced in to three, at the age of thirteen and/or fourteen, and five braids at the age of fifteen and/or sixteen (Kapstein, p67). However, the girls hair is combed into dozens of braids at the age of seventeen to signify the initiation into adulthood. In the Tibetan culture, changes in hair are apply to mark the several rites of passage for the girl child (Kapstein, p67). According to research, hair ever-changing ceremonies conducted for the Tibetan girls deliberate on the social status of the girls (Kapstein, p85).The hair changing ceremony for the Tibetan girls signifies that the girls are old enough to raise and cater for families, and hence they are ready to accept marriage proposals, and are ready to cut married (Kapstein, p85). As a matter of fact, the Tibetan boys tend to court the girls after the hair changing ceremony, with intentions of sleeping with them and propose marriage. Research also indicates that hair dressers were strictly married women, who were carefully selected as per their beauty, perfect eyesight, and/or intact teeth

Game theory Essay Example for Free

Game theory EssayGame theory is a broad dramatics of study that involves examining ways in which strategic finales be derived. The study is applied in argonas where strategic interactions among rational players produce end points with respect to the preferences of those players (Fudenberg Tirole 1991). Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that is mostly utilise in the social sciences military positions like, economics, psychology, political science, and philosophy.The theory is also used in other fields like, biology, engineering, political science, international relations and computer science. Game theory shag be classified as non-cooperative (or strategic) spiriteds and co-operative (or coalitional) games (Fernandez Bierman 1998). Non-cooperative games argon involved with how intelligent individuals interact with hotshot another in an effort to achieve their own goals. Co-operative games are where players co-operate in their moves (strategies) to achieve the desired common goals.Strategic-form or normal form games and extensive form games. Strategic form games are games where actions by players are taken simultaneously and piece of the play is irrelevant to the games outcome. Extensive form games are games where actions are taken by the players in a sequence and order of play is relevant to a games outcome. They are usu tout ensembley presented in a tree diagram. Symmetric and Asymmetric games Asymmetric games are where the pay murders for playing a particular(prenominal) move depend lone(prenominal) on the other players strategies.Symmetric game is where identities of the players can be alternated without changing the payoff to the strategies. Zero-sum games and non-zero sum games Zero-sum games are where the total benefits to all players add up to zero (Camerer 2003). In non-zero sum games, the total benefits do not necessarily adds up to zero. Discrete and continuous games distinct games have finite number of players, moves, events and outcomes. Continuous games have infinite numbers.The basic elements of game theory are an agent (an entity with preferences/options), game (All situations in which at least one agent can only act to maximize his utility through anticipating responses to his actions by one or more other agents), utility (amount of benefits/ wellbeing an agent derives from occurrence of an event), payoff (an ordinal utility number assigned to a player at event of a certain outcome), outcome (an grant of a set of payoffs, one to each player in the game), strategy (players plan on which action to take to achieved his/her desired payoff) and trees and matrices (ways of representing games that is based on order of play) (Fernandez Bierman 1998). Game theory is based on the following assumptions Players in a game are able to make their own preferences i. e. they are exonerate agents.Players are economically rational and they can, assess outcomes, calculate paths to outcomes and choose action s that they think give yield their preferred outcomes. Agents purpose is to maximize their utility. Game outcome depends on the actions taken by the players (Camerer 2003). Game theory has been used to explain in different fields to explain varied phenomena. In economics, game theory has been diligent to explain business behaviors and economic conditions. Economic theories have embraced game theory in explaining and exhibiting certain economic behaviors. Economists have used other related theories in trying to understand rational interaction of strategic economic decisions that are made by people.These theories are closely linked to game theory and they include, decision theory, general equilibrium theory and mechanism design theory. Decision theory is a game theory of a single player a imbibest nature that focuses on preferences and the formation of beliefs (Fernandez Bierman 1998). The theory is used to demonstrate how best to acquire randomness before making a decision. Equil ibrium theory is a branch of game theory that deals with trade and production and mostly with where there are relatively large number of individual consumers and producers (Fudenberg Tirole 1991). It is widely used in the macroeconomic synopsis of broad based economic policies like monetary and fiscal policies, stock foodstuffs analysis, interest and exchange rates studies.Mechanism design theory is built on game theory but have special focus on the consequences of different types of rules (strategies). Example of a game theory is legal injury game used by companies in a duopolistic grocery to add-on their food market donation. In a duopoly market, cardinal firms control the market and they use factors like prices, quality products and services, promotions, branding and promotion to compete over the market share (Samuelson 2008). When market share of one order sum ups, the other companys share decreases. Firms in sectors that sells self-coloured products (e. g. energy se ctor), uses pricing strategy to win increase their market share.Taking example of 2 oil companies in a duopolistic market in underway oil price surge, the companies are faced with problem of adjusting their prices upwards since this exit adversely affect the demand of their oil products and thus reduce their revenues. Increase in crude oil prices has been experienced in the world, and oil and petroleum companies have to increase their retail prices upwards to realize earnings from their venture. Companies also have butt of increase the volume of their sales, by increasing the market share of their products. Since petroleum companies trades homogeneous products, the main marketing tool to increase their market share is price. For two companies in a duopoly market, if one company increases its prices, and other maintains or even reduces, the former loses market share to the latter.Both companies face the following possibilities from their moves reduction of market share of their products and hence their future revenues and profit or reduction in their profit margin or loss and hence shrink of their financial surgery and growth in the future. Therefore each of the firms is faced with dilemma of which move to take in this situation of sharp increase in their raw materials. The two firms have the following strategic problem to ensure profitability of their companies amid high cost of their sales, and pressure to maintain their prices at competitive price over their rivals in order to increase demand of their products.These are conflicting goals that management of each company must resolve by making strategic price decisions. set strategies for the two firms are either to increase the price that would results to increase in revenue and retain its market share, reduce price which results to increase in market share of its products or maintain the price (Ibid 2008). Each company want to maximize its utility in the pricing moves i. e. to select a move that will see its market share maintained or increase and also ensure profitability of the company. Each strategy that the companies may take have implications on the other i. e. move by one firm affects the other firm.Example, in case of one firm decreasing its prices, this will affects negatively market share of the other as the demand of the former companys product increases. Therefore, each company is expected to take choice that will result to its favor. Since the two firms are competing for success in their business, there is no cooperation expected while making this in truth important pricing choice. However, both firm being the only supplier in the market, they can cooperate and set their price mutually in a way that will ensure that no company will lose out to the other. Such arrangements are common in oligopolistic markets, where producers when faced by price pressure mutually agree to set their prices at the actually(prenominal) level that will maintain the market share levels.In this game, each player (company) prefers to increase its market share over the other over maintaining the menstruum market share. Therefore, they are taking conflicting moves to win over the other. The information about the available strategic choices is available to both firms. Both firms also eff the current market share of their products and prices of the rival group. Each company has information about the strengths of the other company and knows how much they can support low prices in the price wars. They also know that the cost of crude oil has increased in the world market and that price was the tool to increase their revenues and growth. The only information both companies do not have is which choice their rival make and when.Companies will not make price changes at the same time indeed the company that will make price changes by and by the other will have advantage over the other as it has prior information that is very important in making the pricing decisions. This ga me is an extensive game and the moves are in a sequence order. Therefore, timing of their moves is very important as it will give the second company advantage to make a well informed move. Using a hypothetical case, we take example of one company making first move and then the other follows. Using the game tool we can get the possible outcomes and solutions in an economic situation like ours. The payoffs assigned to each possible result indicate situations where a company can benefit (high payoffs) or lose out to the other competing company (low payoffs).Using a hypothetical example of oil companies BP Inc and thump out Plc as companies that operates in a monopolistic market, we can examine outcomes of pricing moves made by the two companies. The game can be used to give solutions to the price problem in a tight monopolisic market. The pricing game is based on the following assumptions both BP Inc and slip Plc are rational entities and in their moves their objectives are to increa se their market share. Both firms make a sequential move on pricing that take extensive form (Fudenberg Tirole 1991). Shell Plc makes their decision after the BP Inc makes their pricing move. There is perfect market information symmetry (all company has all market information).Other factors that affect influence market share of the companies are constant. Strategies employed are price increment, price reduction or maintaining the price level. Payoffs (utility functions) for the moves are assigned as Company that increases its market share over the other gets 5, company that losses its market share to the other gets -5. The payoffs represent the companies gain or loss in market share. The range for payoff is from -5 to 5, with both the lowest and the highest value representing the highest gain and the highest loss. The medium values represent an outcome of moderate change in the market share of the companies. The game can be represented in a tree diagram as follows BP IncP Pv P Shel l P Pv P P Pv P P Pv P (0, 0) (-5, 5) (-2, 4) (5, -5) (3, 3) (4, 2) (4, 0) (2, 4) (2, 2) If BP Inc increases its prices ( P) due to increased world crude oil prices, and shell Plc increases (P) too the outcome will be (0, 0) i. e. their market share would not change but their sales may reduce due to decreased demand. If Shell Plc reduces (Pv) the prices after BP Inc has increased its prices, the pay offs are (-5, 5) i. e. BP Inc will loss its market share at a rate that is same as one Shell Plc will increase its market share.In the scenario that BP Inc will raise its prices and Shell maintains its prices (P), the payoffs are (-2, 4) i. e. market share for BP will reduce (Pv) but at low rate compared to Shell increment rate will be. On the other hand, if BP Inc reduces its prices first and then Shell raises its prices, the outcome will be (5, -5) i. e. market share for BP will increase at a rate thats same as the one Shell Plc will lose its share. If both firms reduces their prices, the payoff is going to be (3, 3) i. e. their market share will not change but their sales will be better (higher revenue than if prices are higher). However, if BP reduces its prices but Shell maintains its price, the pay off will be (4, 2) i. e.BPs market share will increase comparatively higher than Shells. In the last scenario, in case BP maintains its price level but Shell Plc increases its price the outcome payoff will be (4, 0) i. e. BPs share will increase over Shells at relatively higher rate. But if BP maintains its prices and Shell reduces its prices, the pay off will be (2, 4) i. e. Shell Plc will increase its market share at a higher rate than BP Inc. In the last possible scenario, if both BP and Shell maintains their prices, the payoff will be (2, 2) i. e. there is not going to be changes in the market share, though both firms will have higher sales than if they raise their prices.The game theory provides the solution that the second (shell) should take a move to reduce its price, if BP increases as it will greatly increase its market share. Also it can get increased market share and profit if it maintains its prices, after BP increases its prices. To the company that makes the first move, the best solution is to maintain the price level as it will have higher payoffs without risking the move by the Shell. These options are the only one that will increase their market share and profitable growth. The price game theory can be used to understand economic changes in duopolistic markets. The game can be used in making strategic pricing and marketing decisions.The approach is important to economic theorists in describing the economic rule that relates to commodity prices, demand and supply dynamics (Guala 2005). Despite the usefulness of game theory, there are nearly challenges to this theory. The assumptions on which the theory is based sometimes do not hold (Fernandez Bierman 1998). Game theorist assumption that players always act in a way to dire ctly maximize their utility sometimes is violate by human behaviors i. e. in practice, human behavior often deviates from this model. This is because of the following factors that need to be considered irrationality, new models of deliberation, and different motives ().In real life some people tend to respond irrationally in a situation where they are ideally expected to respond rationally. Also different people are motivated by different things and thus tend to respond differently in the same situation. To this end some theorists take game theory as tool for suggesting how people should respond but not as a tool to predict human behaviors and that game theory is used to explain strategic reasoning rather than strategic behaviors. Other limitations of the theory are based on the assumptions that prices changes are the only factors that will affect the demand of the oil products and hence the market share. In real life there are rational factors that affect the market share of a pr oduct or a company. feature of products and services, brand strength, promotions and other marketing strategies influences the demand of a product and its market share. Companies may also be motivated by other factors other than increasing market share when making pricing decisions. The theory also does not assign specific values to specify to what percentage a company gain or lose the market share. Since its an economic analysis it should give outcomes that can be easily understood and that make economic sense. However, the theory is very important in giving the general description of how individuals are expected to respond given a certain economic conditions.In the economic field the theory has been instrumental in explaining behaviors of firms and individuals producers and consumers. The theory is also very important in understanding how strategic decisions relate. Reference Camerer, C. (2003). Behavioral Game possible action Experiments in Strategic Interaction. Princeton Princ eton University Press Fernandez, L F. Bierman, H S. (1998), Game Theory with Economic Applications, Addison-Wesley Fudenberg, D. , and Tirole, J. (1991). Game Theory. Cambridge, MA MIT Press Guala, F. (2005). The Methodology of Experimental Economics. Cambridge Cambridge University Press Samuelson, L. (2005). Economic Theory and Experimental Economics. Journal of Economic Literature 4365-107.

African American Press Essay Example for Free

Afri rat American Press Essay?We wish to plead our own cause. Too long have others speak for us. Too long has the public been deceived by misrepresentation of things which concerns us dearly, written on the front page of the first black possess news report card, independences Journal. libertys Journal was published on border district 16, 1827 by a group of free African-American men in New York City. Freedoms Journal was published the same year slavery was abolished in New York and was used to counter racist commentary published in the mainstream press. Samuel E.Cornish and John B. Russwurm served, respectively, as its senior and junior editors where they worked together to publish four-page, four-column weekly newswritten document. Though The Freedoms Journal was not the first African-American paper published, it was the first Africa-American owned newspaper. Freedoms Journal consisted of news on current events, anecdotes, editorials and used to address contemporary issues such as denouncing slavery, advocating for black mountains governmental rights, the right to vote, and speaking out about lynching.Cornish and Russwurm desire were to give African-Americans the freedom to voice their thoughts, ideas and opinions. They sought to improve conditions for more than 300,000 newly freed men and women living in the North. They fulfilled this desire, by employing 14 to 44 agents each year to collect subscriptions. Each agent was paid $3 a year for their work. To encourage black achievements Freedoms Journal featured biographies of celebrated black figures and continued to promote better living conditions by stamp schools that were open to blacks, job offering and housing listings.Freedoms Journal, eventually, circulated 11 states, the District of Columbia, Haiti, Europe and Canada before ceasing publications in 1829. During that time, Russwurm became the sole editor of Freedoms Journal, after Cornish resigned in 1827. Russwurm began to promote the Colon ization Movement which was frowned upon by majority of the newspapers readers. The Colonization Movement was a movement that was conceived by members of the American Colonization Colony where they began repatriating free African-Americans back to Africa.When the Freedoms Journal shifted in complete digest of colonization, it lost most of its readers and in March 1829 Freedoms Journal ceased publication. Even though Freedoms Journal existed for two years, its two years of existence helped spawn other papers. Since then, African American press has evolved and has substantially increased in the population over the years. After Freedoms Journal, African-Americans had begun establishing and owning newspapers. It began whitethorn 1829, when Cornish tryed to revive the Freedoms Journal under the name The Rights of All, however, the publication was not successful and failed after a year.David Walker, hired as an agent for Freedoms Journal, became a well cognise, anti-slavery writer which was inspired by his experience with Freedoms Journal. In 1830, Walkers published his most famous publication cognize as Appeal which called for slaves to rebel against their masters, they want us for their slaves, and think nothing of murdering ustherefore, if there is an attempt made by us, kill or be killedand believe this, that it is no more harm for you to kill a man who is trying to kill you, than it is for you to take a drink of water when thirsty, (Walker).Another attempt at publication, Samuel Cornish, along with, Philip Bell, and Charles Bennett Ray launched The Weekly Advocate, January 1837. Later, the men changed the name to The Colored American March 4, 1837. The Colored American main purpose was to strengthen the moral, social, and political elevation of colored people as well as emancipation of slaves. The Colored American became well-known in the North because of the wide spread shop at of abolitionists, African-American churches and local abolition societies, and Caucasian allies.The Colored American published 38 articles, becoming an important paper of its time. The last edition of The Colored American was published on Christmas day in 1841. Other early African American newspapers include the Provincial Freeman, published in 1854, which was the first African-American owned newspapers to be published in Chatham, Ontario, Canada. The North Star was an anti-slavery newspaper published in 1847 by Frederick Douglas. He later agreed to merge it with the publication indecorum Party Paper with Gerrit Smith creating the Frederick Douglass Paper, in Rochester, New York.The National Era was published in Washington, D. C. in 1847 by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The Liberator was probably the known publication during the era, published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston between 1831 and 1865. Other anti-slavery newspapers of note include the Friend of Man, published weekly for the New York narrate Anti-Slavery Society from 1836 thro ugh 1842. The Emancipator, originally known as Genius of Universal Emancipation, was one of the first anti-slavery newspapers published in the United States by Benjamin Lundy in 1819 and National.Anti-Slavery Standard established in 1840. All of these newspapers advocated for the abolition of slavery and for the civil rights of all African Americans. By the start of Civil War, more than 40 black-owned and operated papers had been established throughout the United States. After the end of the Civil War, more than 100 newspapers were beginning to publish. Many of the major African-American owned publications include, Baltimore Afro-American, also known as The Afro, was founded by a former slave, John H. Murphy, SR. , in 1892.Today, The Afro is the longest-running African-American, family-owned newspaper in the United States. The Chicago Defender was founded by Robert Sengstacke. Abbott on May 5, 1905. The Chicago Defender included writing pieces from the well-known Langston Hughes, Gw endolyn Brooks and Willard Motley. The Pittsburgh Courier an African-American newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1910. The Pittsburgh Courier became the most widely circulated newspaper in America for African-Americans. During its peak, the Pittsburgh Courier circulated around 450,000 publications, with more than 400 employees in 14 cities.The Pittsburgh Courier discussed major issues impacting African-American communities. It campaigned against segregation and poverty, and promoted the social increase of blacks. In the 1930s, the Pittsburgh Courier urged obtuse voters to vote Democrat, creating a political alliance that still exist to this day. Other publications includes, The Philadelphia Tribune (1912-2001), Atlanta Daily World (19312003), Cleveland Call smudge (1934-1991), Los Angeles Sentinel (19342005), New York Amsterdam News (19221993), and Norfolk Journal and Guide (1921-2003).With African-American newspaper publication on the rise, organizations to he lp promote the publication began to form to support African-American journalist. In 1940, Robert Sengstacke Abbott, founder of Chicago Defender, along with other African-American publishers, organized the National Negro Publishers Association. The members of the National Negro Publishers Association worked together, harmonizing our energies in a common purpose for the benefit of Negro journalism, (Sengstacke). Today, the National Negro Publishers Associations is composed of more than 200 black newspapers in the United States and the Virgin Islands.In 1975 in Washington D. C. , 44 African-American journalists founded the National Association of Black Journalists. The National Association of Black Journalist purpose was to provide quality programs and go to and advocate on behalf of black journalists. These organizations are still going strong today and have contributed greatly to the African American population. Today, there isnt a firm count of how many African American newspapers circulating the United States, however, according to Allied Media Corporation, an ethnic marketing firm, they have listed 250 newspapers in circulation.The National newsprint Publishers Association, better known as the Black Press of America, assist in the publication of African-American owned newspapers, counts more than 200 black-owned newspapers as its membership. As you can see, since the Freedoms Journal, the number of newspaper publications has increased. It began with the main purpose being that Africa-Americans would stick together to fight the constant oppression they were under. Now that we dont see African-American oppression, as we did then, publications has different focal points.Many of the newspapers provide news and insight on African-American culture, including a variety of perspectives from leaders, celebrities, trendsetters and great minds from the African-American community. The Freedoms Journal created a new stepping stone for the African-American population. I t provided the platform for issues and concerns pursuant to ensuring our rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and to preserve a legacy of black conservatism for generations to come. References 2, M. A. (n. d. ). Early African American and Anti-Slavery Newspapers Marjory Allen Perez.Genealogy Family History Search Family Trees Vital Records . Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http//www. archives. com/experts/perez-marjory/early-african-american-and-anti-slavery-newspapers. html Black Newspapers Listing The Network Journal. (n. d. ). Black Business Black News, Career Ideas for Black Professionals. Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http//www. tnj. com/lists-resources/black-newspapers-listing David Walker, 1785-1830. Walkers Appeal, in Four Articles Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly.

The Eight Principles Of Total Quality Management Information Technology Essay

The Eight Principles Of Total Quality Management Information Technology EssayTotal Quality Management is a appendage that ensures continuous improvement for an organisations future. It is a management system with guest satisfaction as a continual goal. It is TQMs goal to integrate a sense of persona into the culture of how an organisation is run. It hopes to merge different internal branches of an organisation (finance, Communications, RD etc.) and link them all with quality being their briny goal, with a view to continual customer sharpen. This system of management contains 8 principles which are vital in implementing this strategy into an organisations culture. These principles combined with effective leading should result in a company doing The ripe(p) Things Right, First Time. TQM stems from the principle that It is easier to control systems than it is people.Companies depend on their customers to control them in business. It is essential that a company understructure ke ep their customers happy by ensuring that the products authentic are fit for their intended use. It is also very valu qualified if a company goat foresee future customer needs to ensure they keep the customer base in the future. Here the company can ensure that all its unseasoned objectives are customer satisfaction based and can later apply measuring techniques to see if their approach is effective (customer surveys etc.)LeadershipTotal quality should be adopted into the culture of the organization so proper leadership should create an environment where this is thinkable. The objectives should be clearly laid out with an emphasis on customer satisfaction. A leader should ensure that all employees are serious aware of their importance to the organisation and should eliminate fear and promote trust.Involvement of PeopleEvery person within the organisation must be utilize for their specific skills so everyone is contributing to the organizations goals. This helps create a sens e of unity and purpose and leads to a better utilisationing environment. This leads to people being accountable for their swear out and serves as a baseline for quality. It involves people sharing ideas and practices and leads to better trouble shooting.Process ApproachThe objectives should be clearly outlined and all personnel should be aware of hoe the process exit be managed and chthoniantaking. This removes the go off of resources and ensures all efforts are placed on defined essential tasks. This helps increase the rate of work and processes are finished faster. If the process has been properly defined and it has to be repeated, the exact same system can be used as it has been documented and this leave alone further increase qualification of the work in the future.Systems Approach to ManagementIf you can define interrelated systems, they can be correlated and run under one management guise. Running these various operations under one system leads to more effective work an d allows the system to be monitored more easy and occupy data compiled on the systems efficacy. Through this monitoring continual improvement can be scored and documented. By aligning different departments within an organisation, more focus can be placed on chance upon goals and confidence in the work resulting be widespread. This can lead to greater results faster.Continual availThis is to be a permanent goal for every process undertaken within the organisation. By training staff to use the various continual improvement tools available, a company can leap on an improvement opportunity before others. This could possible open up a new customer market that was antecedently unavailable.Factual Approach to Decision MakingDecisions should be made based on analysis of sound data and intensively researched information. This removes poor decision making from an organisation and sets a baseline for decision making in the future. This can also help the ability to demonstrate how effecti ve past decisions were by checking real data. The factual data can help access the outcome of the decision and help removes decision making based on intuition alone.Mutually salutary Supplier relationshipA relationship based on mutual benefits is very healthy and ensures that both parties have each other interests in focus. This pull up stakes help create value for both companies if some parameters are set correctly. Open communication must be maintained and key objectives and future plans must be known to both parties. If both parties can pool their resources and both have a strong view towards customer satisfaction then waste of resources can be minimised and activities can be improved on both sides.Implementing TQMTQM is a complex management system that will require a attracter of input from all people involved in the company. However, the most important initiating step is to get full commitment from the companys senior management. Without this a proper plan cannot be devise d and TQM will not work. A quality team or quality council must be set up among senior managers. Here ideas can be exchanged and improvements to specific parts of the company devised. Here it will also be decided who is to implement certain changes and a system of quality reporting must also be set up. There should be a quality improvement team and also a quality grooming team set up. These teams should contain people who represent all areas of the organisation and have a high standard of knowledge of their undivided departments. It is essential that the individual department are not run separately, but rather as one large system to ensure full communication remains and key objectives can be achieved faster.Once senior management have become involved the next step is to make middle management aware of the transition. This will involve meeting between middle management and the personnel who report to them. Here all staff will be educated about the extrospective move to TQM and a s eries of plans will be set in motion. Here the staff should constantly retrain and each department should develop new experts to keep a focus on continual improvement.A mission statement of the organisations quality policy is a great way to start. From here a series of plans and a systematic approach can be developed to convert the companys operations to one of total quality. This change is very serious and without full commitment and proper planning can fail easily. The first thing a company must do is assess their current state. Here a management audit is a valuable tool and can easily identify the companys health. If the company is in poor health (quality standards low, reactive decisions, and poor managerial skill) then TQM will be near impossible to implement. However, if a company can agree that its current level of management, organisational culture and work ethos are adequate to TQM, then the process can develop from here.Benefits of TQMOnce an organisation has been convert ed to a system of total quality management, the organisation may be able for ISO 9000 accreditation. This is an internationally recognized standard of quality that has a major impact on how your organisation itself and the process that are undertaken are viewed by the public/possible customers. Having this accreditation will also greatly benefit the organisation from a financial point of view. Getting insurance for large companies can a massive financial burden and being ISO 9000 approved means you are more likely to be insured. This will help protect the organisation from possible liable action.The main benefits internally are a new streamlined system for operations. Increased workmanship due to work ownership/accountability and this leads to constant quality. Increased bent for the future market and a removal from a reactive decision making process and overall improved stability within the market and change magnitude staying power.Disadvantages of TQMA main concern of implement ing total quality management is the initial set up cost. Here employees will have to attend training that will take away from their usual duties and cause a dip in productivity.Due to all the changes implementing TQM will cause, there is a school of thought that thinks employees will doubt the security of their positions. This may lead them to becoming resistant to change and as a result, slow down the murder stages and the efficacy of TQM. The results which are coveted from TQMs implementation may also take years to see, this can lead the employees feeling that their input was of little use and the project was a waste of time.TQM can also tie a business to a certain set of plans that may span years. This can lead the company down an inflexible path when it comes to future prospect and developments. Instead of the company continually focusing on the goals TQM was supposed to tackle, the main focus in put on finishing the implementation stage. As a result, the company ends up with a major organisation change but the highlighted problems still exist and more time will have to be delegated to solving these at a later time. This again all leads to a drop in current productivity and the business retains its previous efficacy with no notable improvements being recognisable.